kpype;j 2000khk; Mz;by; nfhOk;G fpof;fpw;fhd If;fpa Njrpa fl;rpapd; gpujhd mikg;ghsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. gpd;dH 2005 Mk; Mz;by; nfhOk;G Nkw;Ff;Fk; NrHj;J I.Nj.f tpd; gpujhd mikg;ghsuhf Nkyjpfkhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. ,t;tpuz;L gpuNjrq;fSk; cs;slq;fshfj;jhd; Nkw;$wpa nfhOk;G njw;Fj; NjHjy; njhFjp mikfpd;wJ> NkYk; mJ gpd;tUk; khefurig gphpTfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
   
gk;gyg;gpl;b n`tnyhf;lTd;
fpUis

fpUsg;gid

nfhs;Sg;gpl;b kpyhfphpa
ehuN`d;gpl;b ghkd;fil fpof;F
ghkd;fil Nkw;F jpk;gphpf];aha
nts;stj;ij tlf;F nts;stj;ij njw;F
   
1977-1989 Mk; Mz;L tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; murpay; rhrdj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;ljd; %yk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; ,g;NghJ jdpg;gl;l NjHjy; njhFjpfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;gtHfshf ,y;iy> khwhf mtHfs; khtl;l mbg;gilapNyNa njhpT nra;ag;gLfpd;whHfs;. Jujp~;ltrkhf kf;fis ,J mtHfspd; gpujpepjpfsplk; ,Ue;J J}ug;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,J [dehafj;jpd; xU gz;ghd nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikiaAk; gytPdg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. NkYk; fPo;kl;lj;jpy; [dehafk; nky;y nky;y mope;JNghtjw;Fk; ,J toptFj;Js;sJ. kf;fSila Fiwfisj; jPHg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ kf;fs; jkJ Fiwfs; gw;wp KiwapLtjw;Nfh ,J Nghjpa re;jHg;gq;fis toq;ftpy;iy.

,e;j mjpUg;jpaw;w epiyikia kWrPuikf;Fk; tifapy; NjHjy; Kiwfs; fl;lhakhf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd kpype;j kpf cWjpahf ek;Gfpd;whH. NkYk; tpfpjhrhu NjHjy; KiwahdJ ,yq;ifapy; ,dg;gpur;ridapd; tpisthy; Njhd;wpaJ vd;W mtH ek;Gfpd;whH. ,J ,yq;if murpaypy; Coy; kpf;f nry;thf;fpw;Fk; toptFj;Js;sJ.

eilKiwj; Njh;jy; Kiwfs; ,Ug;gpDk; 1977 Kjy; 1989 Njh;jy; njhFjpKiw rPh;jpUj;jq;fshy; ngUk;ghYk; kq;fpg;Nghd Fbapay; ghuk;ghpaq;fis kPsf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;> If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpahy; jdf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l Njh;jy; njhFjpapd; kf;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tjw;Fk; jdJ rf;jpf;F cl;gl;ltiu Kad;W tUfpd;whh;. rpije;J Nghd KiwfSf;F kj;jpapy; Njh;jy; njhFjpapd; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPh;T fhzTk;> kf;fis tYt+l;lTk;> mth;fSf;F Gj;Jzh;t+l;lTk;> mk;kf;fspd; xUikg;ghl;Lf;Fk; xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk; mth; Kaw;rp vLj;J tUfpd;whh;. jdJ NjHjy; njhFjpahd nfhOk;G njw;fpy; nghJkf;fs; xOf;fk;> khpahij> nfsutk;> tpOkpaq;fs;> <LghL> ey;nyhOf;fk; vd;gdtw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;g njhlHr;rpahf ghLgl;L tUfpd;whH.

nfhOk;G njw;fhdJ vg;NghJNk gy;NtW rka kw;Wk; ,df;FOf;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. NkYk; ,J nropg;ghd murpay; ghuk;ghpaj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fle;j E}w;whz;by; ,yq;if re;jpj;j gy murpay; fyhrhu khw;wq;fis ,e;jj; njhFjpapd; tuyhW gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. nfhOk;G njw;fpd; tuyhW Fwpj;J NkYk; njhpe;Jnfhs;s MHtKs;stHfSf;fhf Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa xU RUf;fj;ij jUfpd;Nwhk;.

 

» 1833 - rl;lthf;f rig cUthf;fk;

» 1911 kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l thf;Fhpik mbg;gilapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

» 1921 epyg;gug;G mbg;gilapyhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; - nfhOk;G efu
 NjHjy; njhFjp cUthf;fk;

» 1924 nfhOk;G efiu> nfhOk;G efuk; (tlf;F) nfhOk;G efuk;
 (njw;F) vdg; gphpf;fg;gly;

» 1931 nfhOk;G njw;F NjHjy;njhFjp cUthf;fk;   

» 1947 nts;stj;ij nfhOk;G njw;fpypUe;J tpyf;fg;gly;. 
 nts;stj;ijÆfy;fp];i] NjHjy; njhFjp cUthf;fk;

» 1960 nfhOk;G njw;F gy cWg;gpdH njhFjpahf khw;wg;gly;  nts;stj;ijkPz;Lk; ,izf;fg;gly;

» 1977 nfhOk;G njw;F nfhOk;G fpof;F kw;Wk; nfhOk;G Nkw;F vdg;  gphpf;fg;gly;

» 1978 NjHjy; njhFjp mbg;gil vd;gjw;F khwhf ghuhSkd;wg;  gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,g;NghJ khtl;l mbg;gilapy;




1833Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lthf;f rigfs; rl;lthf;frig cUthf;fk;

etPd ,yq;ifapy; gpujpepjpfs; murhq;fj;jpd; Muk;gj;Jf;F mbNfhypaJ. ,r;rkaj;jpy; NjHjy; njhFjpfs; epyg;gug;gpd; mbg;gilapy; milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. khwhf gpujpepjpfs; cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;w kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfg+Ht vd tifg;gLj;jg; gl;bUe;jdH. fhyzpj;Jt MSduhy; ,df;FOf;fisAk;> tHj;jf eyd;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; tifapy; ,tHfs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldH.

1911 Mk; Mz;L kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l thf;Fhpik mbg;gilapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

NjHjy; njhFjpfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l thf;Fhpikapd; mbg;gilapy; ,t;thz;by; mwpKfkhdJ. efu INuhg;gpaHfs;> fpuhk INuhg;gpaHfs;> gwq;fpaH kw;Wk; rpNyhd; ,dj;jtHfs; vd ,e;jr; rigapy; ntt;Ntwhd gpujpepjpfs; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpj;jdH. gbj;j ,yq;ifaHfSf;nfd jdpahd xU NjHjy; %y MrdKk; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,e;j Kiwapd; fPo; njhpthd KjyhtJ ,yq;ifaH NrH. nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;. ,tH NjHjypy; khHf;f]; ngHzhz;Nlhit Njhw;fbj;jhH.

1921 Mk; Mz;L epyg;gug;G mbg;gilapyhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

nfhOk;G efu NjHjy; njhFjpapd; cUthf;fk;. epyg;gug;G mbg;gilapyhd NjHjy; njhFjpfs; Kjypy; 1921,y; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. N[k;]; gPhp]; nfhOk;G efUf;Fg; Nghl;bapd;wpj; njhpthdhH.

1924 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G efuk;> nfhOk;G efuk; (tlf;F) nfhOk;G efuk; (njw;F) vdg; gphpf;fg;gly;

nfhOk;G efuk;> nfhOk;G efuk; (tlf;F) nfhOk;G efuk; (njw;F) vd 1924Mk; Mz;by; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. N[k;]; gPhp]; nfhOk;G efuk; (njw;F) Nghl;bapl;L Nghl;bapd;wpj; njhpthdhH. 1930Mk; Mz;by; hp.[p.[atHjdit vjpHj;Jg; Nghl;bapl;L <.V FNu ntw;wpngw;whH. 1931Mk; Mz;by; hP.Vy; nghPuh NjHjy; njhFjpiag; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;aj; njhpthdhH.

1931 Mk; Mz;L rHtNjr thf;Fhpikapd; mwpKfKk; nfhOk;G njw;Fj; NjHjy; njhFjpapd; cUthf;fKk;

1931Mk; Mz;by; muRg; Nguit ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lNjhL nfhOk;G njw;F cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. v];. gp. j]ehaf;f 1931 Mk; Mz;by; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jhH. mijj; njhlHe;J 1935Mk; Mz;by; <.V.FNu mq;fk; tfpj;jhH. 1936Mk; Mz;L ,ilj;NjHjypy; V.gp.b nrha;]h njhpthdhH. 1936Mk; Mz;by; kPz;Lk; NjHjy; %ykhf mtNu njhpthdhH.

1947 Mk; Mz;L nts;stj;ij nfhOk;G njw;fpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gly;. nts;stj;ij / fy;fp];] NjHjy; njhFjp cUthf;fk;


KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cUthf;fj;NjhL nfhOk;G njw;Fj; NjHjy; njhFjpapypUe;J nts;stj;ij ePf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ fy;fp];]NahL ,izf;fg;gl;L nts;stj;ij / fy;fp];] njhFjp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nfhOk;G njw;fpd; gpujpepjpahf Mh; V. b nky; (I.Nj.f) 1947 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;jhH. gpd;dH 1947 Mk; Mz;by; ,ilj; NjHjypy; hp. vg; .[atHjd (I.Nj.f) njhpthdhH. 1952 Mk; Mz;L NjHjypy; mtH kPz;Lk; njhpthdhH. 1956 Mk; Mz;L NgHdhHl; nrha;]h (yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp LSSP) nfhOk;G njw;fpd; gpujpepjpahfj; njhpthdhH.

fyhepjp nfhy;ypd; MH.b.rpy;th (LSSP) 1947 Mk; Mz;by; nts;stj;ij / fy;fp];] njhFjpapd; gpujpepjpahfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl;lhH. gpd;dH 1952 Mk; Mz;by; v]; b. v];. [arpq;f (I.Nj.f) njhpthdhH. gpd;dH 1956 Mk; Mz;by; fyhepjp nfhy;tpd; MH.b.rpy;th (LSSP) kPz;Lk; njhpTnra;ag;gl;lhH.

 
 

1960 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G njw;F gy; cWg;gpdH njhFjpahf khw;wk;. nts;stj;ij kPz;Lk; 1960,y; ,izg;G


1960 Mk; Mz;by; nfhOk;G njw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,uz;L Mrdq;fisf; nfhz;l gy; cWg;gpdH njhFjpahdJ. mj;NjhL nfhOk;G njw;Fj; NjHjy; njhFjpNahL nts;stj;ij kPz;Lk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. NgHdhHl; Nrha;]h (LSSP) vl;kz;l; rkutpf;fpuk (I.Nj.f) MfpNahH 1960 Mk; Mz;L khHr;rpy; gpujpepjpfshfj; njhpthdH. 1960 Mk; Mz;L [_iyapy; NgHdhHl; nrha;]h kPz;Lk; njhpthdhH. vl;kz;l; rkutpf;fpuktpd; ,lj;Jf;F N[. Mh; [atHjd njhpthdhH. 1965 Mk; Mz;by; NgHdhHl; nrha;]hTk;> N[. Mh; [atHjdTk; Nghl;bapd;wpj; njhpthdhHfs;. gpd;dH 1965 kw;Wk; 1970 Mz;LfspYk; ,tHfNs njhpTnra;ag;gl;ldH.

1975 Mk; Mz;L If;fpa Kd;dzp muR mtrufhyr; rl;lq;fisg; ghtpj;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf; fhyj;ij ePbj;jNghJ> vjpHg;gpd; milahshkhf N[.Mh; [atHjd jdJ ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdH gjtpia ,uh[pdhkhr; nra;jhH. ,jd; gpd; 1975 Mk; Mz;by; ,lk;ngw;w ,ilj;NjHjy; jhd; 1977 Mk; Mz;by; I.Nj.f. mNkhf ntw;wpaPl;l topaikj;jJ. ,e;jj; NjHjypYk; N[. Mh; [atHjdNt ntw;wpaPl;bdhH.

1977 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G njw;F> fpof;F kw;Wk; Nkw;Fj; njhFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gly;


1977 Mk; Mz;by; nfhOk;G njw;F ,uz;L NjHjy; njhFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. nfhOk;G fpof;F kw;Wk; nfhOk;G Nkw;F vd;Wk; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. Kd;idaJ vl;kz;l; rkutpf;fpuk (I.Nj.f) thYk; kw;iwaJ N[. Mh;. [atHjdthYk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. N[. Mh; [atH;jd KjyhtJ epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l [dhjpgjpahfg; gjtp Vw;wJk; 1978 Mk; Mz;by; ,lk;ngw;w ,ilj;NjHjypy; mEu g];bad; me;j ,lj;Jf;Fj; njhpthdhH.

1978 Mk; Mz;L NjHjy; njhFjpf;Fg; gjpyhf khtl;lhPjpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;


1978 Mk; Mz;by; NjHjy;Kiw khw;wj;NjhL 1989 Mk; Mz;L nghJj;NjHjypy; me;jg; Gjpa NjHjy;Kiw mwpKfkhfpaJ. ,e;j NjHjNyhL tpfpjhrhu thf;fspg;G KiwAk; mKYf;F te;jijaLj;J NjHjy; njhFjpthhpf;Fg; gjpyhf gpujpepjpfs; khtl;l hPjpapy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ldH.

1989 Mk; Mz;L If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp nfhOk;G fpof;F kw;Wk; nfhOk;G Nkw;F Mfpa njhFjpfSf;Fg; gy njhFjp mikg;ghsHfis epakpj;Js;sJ. 12tUl ,ilntspf;Fg; gpd; 2001 Mk; Mz;by; kpype;j nkhunfhl ,t;tpU NjHjy; njhFjpfSf;Fkhd ghuhSkd;wg; gpuepjpahf If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpia gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;J tUfpd;whH.
 
^ Nky;